Water 12 The work on Pt and Au

Water oxidation by electrochemical method is also called OER. The use of OER(oxygen evolution reaction) for electrocatlytic, fuel cells and solar devices is the most required energy demand.

These technologies had not been found wide acceptance because of precious ruthenium and iridium oxides. However recently Ni oxide provide more or less an alternate for the solution of this problem these days. Co and manganese oxides can also act as good catalyst for OER. For the development of this technology OER we need to have a nonprecious material which can produce as low over potential as Ru and Ir do. 12 The work on Pt and Au oxides has been show that there is not vast change in activity of four members of 1st row transition series of metal oxides. By applying the underlying support for Ni, Co and Mn there efficiency can be increased. Mn oxide and Au in composite form shows a remarkable activity under OER, and we can say about the active sites of metal were worked due to underlying support of noble metal.

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RDE rotatory disk electrode was prepped suing GC rods. Catalyst of Manganese oxide was prepared using sputtering method. The OER activity of sample was checked by using cyclic voltametric technique at a room temperature in 20 mV per second, C.

E carbon rod R.E Ag/AgCl and electrolyte was 0.1M NaOH. The potential was compared with reverse hydrogen electrode RHE is shown to be 85 %.

The electrochemical activity of catalyst was checked in a range of 0.5 to 1.7 or 1.8 in N2 saturation. The potential of Au/MnOx on GC substrate was shown to be 1.65 V which is quite close to ruthenium and iridium oxides i.e.

1.36 and 1.41 V.

A number of characterizations of sample was checked like XPS, XRD, SEM, XAS and found the Nano particles size of metal oxide as low as 10 nm. 13Due to decrease of energy resources in countries like Pakistan, the use of solar devices have been increased since decades. HER (2H+ + 2e-? H2 and OER (2H2O? O2 + 4H+ + 4e-) by using active catalyst is the requirement these days. The best catalyst for HER is Pt and for OER are Ir and Ru. So there is a need to prepare a more efficient catalyst for HER and OER. A recent work shown cobalt based catalyst is quite efficient in both OER and HER by switching the modes. 14Ni shows also quite satisfactory results under same conditions.

Both these catalyst that are showing activity have been prepared by simple electrodeposition method. However these catalysts show poor performance for both reactions. Ni nitrate solution is deposited on ITO substrate after pretreatment of it. The cyclic voltameteric characterization of metal oxide is done in borate pH 9.

2. Ag/AgCl as reference electrode Pt wire as counter electrode and working electrode is Ni deposited on ITO. All the samples were run at 50 mV per second between 0.

00 to -1.2. Characterization of samples of Ni based is done by XPS SEM TEM. The results have been shown that Ni based system enhance the catalytic performance for HER. 15Cu2O films were electrodeposited in the potentiostatic mode on titanium substrates. A platinum sheet was used as counter-electrode. Saturated calomel electrode ~SCE as reference electrode.

Cu2O was electrodeposited by reduction of an alkaline aqueous solution. 16 2Cu2+ + 2e – + 2OH- ? Cu2O + H2 ONi oxide electrocatalysts created CO2 saturated (1 atm) bicarbonate solution. (0.1–1.0 M pH = 6.7–6.8) containing Ni 2+ (0.

5–5 M ), or from a bicarbonate solution (0.1–1.0 M , no CO2 ; containing nickel 2 positive. Substrate used ITO or a glassy carbon disk during the CVs between 0.0–1.3 V (vs. NHE).

A thin film of catalyst was created by applying a potential of 1.3 V. 17Thin films of metal oxides of Iron, Cu, Co, Ni are obtained by spray pyrolysis. Films were deposited onto FTO/ITO-coated glass substrates.

Characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The films deposited using ethanolic solution or methanol solution. Nano crystalline with particle size of 30–40 nm was made.

Oxides of 1st row transition series Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu etc form colloids at high pH. Oxides at low pH become precipitates. Formation of colloids is pH specific and can be controlled over a wind range of pH.

Particle size, stability of colloids affects the efficiency in water evolution reaction. 18In this research we want to achieve of metal oxide with different methods at the same time. Then their comparison will tell us how far we can minimize the over potential of metal oxides in water splitting reaction. Less over voltage of OER(Oxygen evolution reaction) with Co, Fe , Cu, Ni, by using anodization, electrodeposition, spin coating, molecular organometallic precursors, and colloidal method will help us to optimized the conditions of water splitting reaction. As a result of this work we will achieve metal oxide which will produce low over voltage and which is efficient for water splitting to produce hydrogen as a clean fuel.

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