Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties

Physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil

Majid Keyvani, Marzieh Bolandi

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Abstract

Cheese has high nutritional value in human health although is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids revealed crucial roles in nutritional diet and have been suggested as disease prevention agent. Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) has considerable amounts of omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids as well as magnesium, potassium and vitamin C. The aim of this study is production and characterization of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil. Results indicated that increasing of Protulaca Oleracea seed oil caused significant increased omega 3, 6 and 9 concentration in cheese (p<0.05). Protulaca Oleracea seed oil fortification showed no significant effects on physicochemical properties of Lighvan cheese (p>0.05). Lighvan cheese containing 2.5% Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) seed oil showed the highest sensory attributes.

Key words: Omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids, Lighvan cheese, Protulaca Oleracea seed oil, Fortification

Introduction

Cheese is the dairy product which has been considered as important food as a point of nutritional value. Cheese has been produced by traditional procedures since past years ago in Iran. Lighvan cheese, the semi-hard cheese, is the most popular traditional cheese made from raw sheep’s milk in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Lighavan cheese is characterized by high taste acceptability and considerable amounts of proteins especially casein which is beneficial for indigestion disease [1] but it is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. A large body of scientific reports suggests that high essential fatty acids dietary intake associated with health and reductions in cardiovascular diseases.

Protucala Oleracea is an herb, known as purslane, which has considerable amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Purslane has been considered as rich sources of antioxidants, Vitamin A,B,C and E, beta carotene and essential amino acids as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron [5,8]. Fatty acid composition of purslane contains palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) and ?-linoleic acid (C18:3 n3). ?-Linolenic acid is an ?3 fatty acid that is essential in the human diet as a precursor for the synthesis of longer chain fatty acids and the prostaglandin group of mammalian hormones. Oil seeds such as brassica, flax and soya are main sources of linoleic acid and particularly purslane seed contains considerable amounts of linoleic acids [10]. There are several reports in the literature corresponding to the health effects of omega 3 fatty acids on cholesterol reduction, arthritis treatment, mental depression therapy , burns healing and prevention of cancer cells growth[3]. Studies on omega 3 fortification of dairy products using fish oil have been found in the literature. However, the major problem with this kind of fortification is unacceptable sensory properties. The objectives of this study are i) to formulate of Lighvan cheese with purslane oil extract and ii) to study the effects of purslane fortification on characteristics of Lighvan cheese.

Materials and Methods

Materials

Sheep milk was provided from Almalo village, Sahandabad county, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Composition of sheep milk was 7.1% fat, 5.7% protein and 18.2% [M1]total solids. Renin was purchased from Mitoy company, Japan and salt was purchased from Pars Kaveh company, Iran. Purslane seeds provided from Mashhad traditional market and oil was extracted by cold press method.

Cheese preparation

About 24 kilograms of sheep milk were hygienically filtered at 30 °C and then divided into four portions in steel containers. Purslane seed oil was mixed with sheep milk at three ratio of 1:5, 2:5 and 3:5 using Blender (MJ-176NR, National, Japan). Then rennet was added to sheep milk in order to curd formation after one hour. The curds were pressed in textile filter in order to separate whey. The curds were then cut longitudinally and transversally and pressed again to remove residue whey. The curds were moulded and placed in 15% salt brine after 3 hours. Finally, the moulded curds salted and stored in 11% salt brine at 8±2 °C for 3 months for ripening.

Physicochemical analysis

Physicochemical properties of cheese samples evaluated according to the national standards of cheese including number 1753 for total solids determination, number 2852 for pH and acidity determination, number 760 for fat determination and number 1811 for protein determination[M2].

Fatty acid composition

Fatty acid composition of purslane oil and fortified cheese analyzed using gas chromatography[M3]. YL Model6100 GC equipped with flame ionization detector was used. Characterization of capillary column (TR-CN100) was with 0.2 micrometer internal diameter, 0.25 micrometer thin coating and 30 meter length at 80 to 200° C temperature. The GC was operated with helium carrier gas with 99.99% purity.

Sensory properties

The sensory quality of cheese sample was evaluated by a 15 member panelist group who were skilled with quality attributes of food products. Panelists scored for sensory characteristics including color, odor, texture, internal and external appearance using a five point hedonic scale (1; very bad to 5; excellent).

Statistical analysis

The means of treatments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level using SPSS 16 software. Sensory results were analyzed using nonparametric Fridman test at 0.05 significant levels. All analysis was performed at three replications.

Results and Discussion

Effects of purslane seed oil on physicochemical properties:

The results of physicochemical analysis were shown in Table 1. The results indicated that the efficiency of cheese making increased as purslane oil concentration increased. The efficiency of cheese making depends on milk type, fat content, total solid (milk density), milk temperature (temperature of inoculation), the amount of rennet, rennet coagulation capacity, removed whey content, molding pressure and salting.

Table 1: Cheese making efficiency[M4]

Cheese + 3.5% PO

Cheese +

2.5% PO

Cheese +

1.5% PO1

Control

Treatments

39.33%

37.33%

36.83%

34.83%

Efficiency

1: purslane oil

There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between pH and acidity of samples due to purslane oil addition however, the significant reduction in pH and acidity after aging process was observed (p<0.05) which can be attributed to lactose fermentation and lactic acid production by bacteria (Table 2).

Table 2: pH and acidity of cheese samples

Samples

pH

Acidity

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Control

5.8±0.1a

4.8±0.13 b

0.4±0.014b

1.11±0.06a

Cheese + 1.5% PO

5.7 ±0.12a

4.8±0.17b

0.38±0.016 b

1.11±0.05 a

Cheese + 2.5% PO

5.6 ±0.15 a

4.7±0.17 b

0.37±0.017 b

1.12±0.08 a

Cheese + 3.5% PO

5.6±0.09 a

4.7±0.11 b

0.37±0.059b

1.12±0.02 a

Values are recorded as mean ± standard deviation

Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p<0.05)

The results of moisture, fat, salt and protein contents of cheese samples were shown in Table 3. The results revealed that the highest fat content related to cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil. The more purslane oil concentration caused significant more fat content (p<0.05) although the aging step didn’t affect fat content of chesses samples significantly (p>0.05) [7].

Salt concentration in brine and consequent osmotic pressure caused penetration of salt into cheese and resulted in equilibrium which led to moisture loss during aging [2]. Results showed that moisture content of fortified cheese with purslane oil decreased before aging as purslane oil increased, however there is no significant difference between moisture content of cheese containing 1.5 and 2.5% purslane oil (p>0.05) . In fact, increasing of fat content resulted in more fat in dry matter and subsequent less moisture content which led to reduced lipolysis [7]. Previous studies revealed that moisture content didn’t substituted as much as reduced fat in low fat cheese [9].

Salt content of samples decreased as purslane oil increased which can explained by preventing role of purslane oil from penetration of salt into cheese structure. In fact, fat globules fasten capillary structure and extend penetration duration so cheese contained more fat content needs more time for salt diffusion into cheese [6]. Salt content of cheese increased during aging because of cheese curds storing in salt brine [2].

Protein content of cheese decreased significantly (p<0.05) during aging due to proteolysis. Proteolysis lead to increased solubility and water absorption of proteins due to releasing of polar groups such as amines and carboxylic groups of amino acids and peptides. Therefore, the more proteolysis causes the more soluble content, the more water absorption and subsequent the less total solid [5].

Table 3: Chemical properties of cheese samples

Samples

Moisture

Salt

Fat

Protein

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Control

60± 0.32a

59±0.2b

4.01±0.037b

4.74±0.04a

17.1±0.69c

17.11±0.6c

14.1±0.78a

12.6±0.23b

Cheese + 1.5% PO

58.6±0.99b

59.75±0.45a

3.99±0.066b

4.56±0.06a

20.03±0.37b

20.12±0.26b

14.2±0.59a

12.3±0.4b

Cheese + 2.5% PO

58.02±0.19bc

59.58±0.34a

3.81±0.026b

4.52±0.03a

20.62±0.29ab

20.81±0.2ab

13.8±0.26a

12.4±0.5b

Cheese + 3.5% PO

57± 0.63c

59.19±0.64ab

3.13±0.032c

4.38±0.01ab

21.42±0.18a

21.51±0.31a

13.9±0.65a

12.3±0.47b

Values are recorded as mean ± standard deviation

Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p<0.05)

Gas chromatography

The results of gas chromatography were shown in Table 4. The considerable amounts of omega fatty acids especially omega-3 fatty acids in purslane oil was observed and the omega-6 to omega-3 ration calculated as 1.5 which is an ideal ratio.

Table 3: GC results of purslane oil[M5]

Fatty acid

Name

Content (%)

C16:0

Palmitic acid

16.62

C18:0

Stearic acid

4.80

C18:1n9c

Oleic acid

20.35

C18:2n6c

Linoleic acid

33.11

C18:3n3

Alpha – linolenic acid

21.93

The results indicated that purslane oil addition caused significant increase in omega 3, 6 and 9 (p<0.05). Ninthly gram of purslane oil which contained 21.93, 33.11 and 20.53 % of omega3, 6 and 9, respectively added to 6 kilogram of milk in which cheese contained 1.5% purslane oil and resulted in increasing of cheese making efficiency from 34.83 to 36.83% as well as increasing of omega essential fatty acids from 0.29 to 3.56, 0.8 to5.37 and 6.57 to 9.79% for omega 3, 6 and 9 respectively.

Table 5: Omega fatty acids of cheese samples

Samples

C18:3n3

C18:2n6c

C18:1n9c

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Day 7

Day 90

Control

0.29±0.021d

0.67±0.04d

0.8±0.05f

0.26±0.06f

6.75±0.88e

9.19±0.49d

Cheese + 1.5% PO

3.56±0.16c

3.15±0.06c

5.73±0.63c

3.28±0.12e

9.97±0.54cd

10.99±0.94c

Cheese + 2.5% PO

4.44±0.14b

4.43±0.03b

6.03±0.42bc

4.04±0.28d

13.45±0.47b

13.93±0.20b

Cheese + 3.5% PO

5.62±0.37a

5.64±0.07a

8.38±0.36a

6.86±0.15b

17.53±0.78a

17.79±0.54a

Values are recorded as mean ± standard deviation

Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p<0.05)

Sensory properties

Sensory assessment of cheese fortified with purslane oil is presented in Figure1. The panelists marked the lowest scores of flavor, aroma and appearance (color) for cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil and the cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil obtained the lowest total acceptability score. Porous structure is texture characteristic of Lighvan cheese. Different aroma is the other characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is related to sheep milk and microorganisms activity. It was expected that purslane oil covered the special aroma of Lighvan cheese because of distinct odor of purslane oil. The panelist distinguish particular aroma of purslane oil only at 3.5% concentration level. The individual flavor is another characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is correlated to sheep milk and bacteria activity. Purslane oil affected flavor of Lighvan cheese especially at 3.5% concentration level. The fortified cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil seemed darker than the other treatments.

Figure 1: Sensory properties of cheese samples

Conclusion

This study exhibited the possibility of purslane oil as omega essential fatty acid source in traditional Lighvan cheese formulation without undesirable altering of physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Purslane seed oil could enrich omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids content of cheese considerably. Increasing of pursiline oil in formulation lead to increased omega fatty acid content although cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil didn’t obtain acceptable sensory characteristics and 2.5% purslane oil concentration showed better organoleptic properties.

[M6]

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