Impact of Parenting Styles: A Review

Farah Nazneen

Impact of Parenting Style in Bangladesh: A Systematic Review

Introduction

Parents are teachers, guiders, leaders, protectors, and providers for their children. Our behavior, thought, motivation, belief, value, personality etc all are directly or indirectly depend on our parenting style. Research on parenting style is so important to determine the positive impact and negative impact on children.

There are mainly four types of parenting styles. They are:

Authoritative parenting style
Authoritarian parenting style
Permissive parenting Style
Uninvolved parenting style

Figure 1: Types of parenting style

Bangladesh is a small south Asian country. Very few research has been conducted on the general picture of parenting style in Bangladesh. The majority of the research shown that there are positive correlation between parental acceptance and positive personal characteristics of children.

Figure 2: Parents of Bangladesh

The Review

Information about the Studies:

For the review 6 original papers of Bangladesh were selected based on the research on parenting style. All of the research was conducted through quantitative method. The samples (in total 744) of the studies were both school children and adult person. Table 1 depicts the studies with necessary information such as sample size, design, variables studied, data analysis techniques and results.

Table 1. Description of the Studies

Study

N

Design

Variables

Statistical Tests

Results

IVs

DVs

Relationship Between Parental Rejection and Personality (Shahid et al. 2009)

100 adults

Questionnaire survey

Parental rejection

Personality

Pearson product moment correlation

*Paternal rejection is positively correlated with psychoticism but negatively correlated with extraversion.

*No significant correlation between paternal rejection and neuroticism.

*Maternal rejection is positively correlated with psychoticism

and neuroticism but negatively correlated with extraversion

Cognitive emotion regulation in children as related to their parenting style, family type and gender. (Karim, Sharafat, and Mahmud, 2013)

206 children

Questionnaire survey

*Parenting style

*Family type

*Gender

*Cognitive emotion regulation

Standard

regression analyses

*Children’s cognitive emotion regulation is functionally associated with parenting style, but not with family type and their gender.

*Authoritative parenting was the strongest predictor of overall adaptive emotion regulation while authoritarian parenting was the strongest predictor of overall less adaptive emotion regulation.

* Permissive parenting has impact on

neither adaptive nor less adaptive emotion regulation

Relationofparentalrejection

withselfaˆ?esteemandlifesatisfaction of young adults (Yasmin and Hossain, 2014)

60 adults

Questionnaire survey

*Parental rejection

*Self-esteem

*Life satisfaction

Regressionanalysis

*Parentalrejectiongreatlyinfluenceinoffspring’sselfaˆ?esteemandlifesatisfaction.

*Selfaˆ?esteemismoreinfluencedbyparentalrejectionthanlifesatisfaction.

Parental acceptance and academic achievement of tribal and non tribal

children of Bangladesh. (Aktar, Shahrier, and Rahaman, 2013)

96 children

Cross sectional survey

*Parental acceptance

*ethnicity

*Academic achievement

Correlation

Regressionanalysis

*Significant differences in maternal acceptance, paternal acceptance and academic achievement between tribal and non-tribal children.

Cognitive emotion regulation in children as predicted by parent’s marital adjustment and their nature of affect(Ansary and Karim, 2011)

182 children

Questionnaire survey

*Parent’s marital adjustment

*Nature of affect

*Cognitive emotion regulation

Multiple Regression

*Parent’s marital adjustment is strongly and positively associated with the children’s overall adaptive emotion regulation, but negatively with their overall less adaptive emotion regulation.

*Mother’s positive affect was strongly and negatively associate with the children overall less adaptive cognitive emotion regulation, whereas their negative affect was positively associate with it.

Maternal rejection in childhood :it’s effect on self-esteem in early adulthood (Din and Huque, 2013)

100 adults

Questionnaire survey

*Maternal rejection

*self-esteem

Correlation co-efficient

Regression analysis

*Maternal rejection greatly influences their children’s self-esteem.

Impact on Personality:

Parental rejection can influence our personality (Shahid et al. 2009). In an investigation researcher found significant positive correlation of maternal rejection and neuroticism (anger, loneliness, anxiety, and depression) of adults. But they found no significant correlation between paternal rejection and neuroticism. It may be because in Bangladeshi culture mother used to play all the roles of child rearing and father only play the role in economic wellbeing of family. So father rejection merely affect the child’s personality (Shahid et al. 2009).

On the other hand, it was found that there is a significant positive correlation between paternal rejection and psychoticism. People with psychoticism have biological causes rather than neuroticism. Therefore, for biological causes, person would be less able to cope with the negative experience like paternal rejection (where some of the participants gave less priority to paternal rejection). That could be the possible explanation of positive correlation between paternal rejection and psychoticism (Shahid et al. 2009).

It was also found that there is a negative correlation between parental (both paternal and maternal) rejection and extraversion (being outgoing, talkative, high on positive affect). As parental rejection is negative experience that may prevent them to be high on positive affect (Shahid et al. 2009). This study work with only 3 categories of personality. Further studies are needed to find the correlation between parenting style and other categories of personality like as introversion, openness,conscientiousness,agreeableness etc.

Impact on Cognitive Emotion Regulation

In an investigation among children researchers found that authoritative parenting was the strongest predictor of overall adaptive emotion regulation while authoritarian parenting was the strongest predictor of overall less adaptive emotion regulation. Permissive parenting has no impact on adaptive and less adaptive emotion regulation (Karim et al. 2013). This study offers some inconsistent results. Here, authoritarian parenting contributes significantly in both the adaptive and less adaptive cognitive emotion regulations. This was unpredicted and failed to explain by the present data.

Marital adjustment of parents can also affect the cognitive emotion regulation of children. Because due to marital adjustment balance of parenting style between mother and father could vary. As better marital adjustment of parents help children to handle the negative experiences it is strongly and positively associated with child’s adaptive emotion regulation (acceptance, positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal and putting into perspective strategies) and negatively with child’s overall less adaptive emotion regulation (self-blame, rumination or focus on thought, catastrophizing, and blaming others strategies) (Ansary and Karim, 2011).

Research evidence also shown that father’s positive affect (enthusiasm, active, and alert) is strongly and positively associated with child’s overall adaptive emotion regulation; and negatively associated with child’s overall less adaptive emotion regulation (Ansary and Karim, 2011).

But in the case of mother it is little bit difference. Mother’s positive affect and negative affect were not significantly associate with child’s overall adaptive cognitive emotion regulation. In the case of less adaptive cognitive emotion regulation picture is different, researcher found strong positive association (Ansary and Karim, 2011).

Impact on Self-esteem:

In a research it was proved that parental rejection is significantly and positively correlated with lower self-esteem of person (Yasmin and Hossain, 2014). This result also suggests thatmaternalrejectionhasgreaterimpactonselfaˆ?esteemthanpaternalrejection. However sample size of this research is so poor only 60. Which is not sufficient to generalize the finding.

Again maternal rejection as a good predictor of self-esteem in early adulthood in which self-esteem had significant negative correlation with remembrance of maternal rejection in childhood (Din and Huque, 2013). In this research they didn’t see the effect of paternal rejection in early adulthood.

Impact on life-satisfaction:

Yasmin and Hossain (2014) shown that both maternal and paternal involvement in childhoodisimportanttodevelopoffspring’slifesatisfactioninadulthood. This result also suggests thatmaternalrejectionhasgreaterimpactonlife satisfactionthanpaternalrejection. However sample size of this research is so poor only 60. Which is not sufficient to generalize the finding.

Impact on Academic Achievement:

In a study with tribal and non-tribal student researchers found significant negative correlations between both maternal and paternal acceptance scores and academic achievement scores. It was also found from the results of the study that there were significant differences in maternal acceptance, paternal acceptance and academic achievement between tribal and non tribal children. That is, non tribal children were more maternally accepted, more paternally accepted and showed higher academic achievement as compared to their tribal counterpart (Aktar, Shahrier, and Rahaman, 2013).

Conclusions

Existing literature on parenting style of Bangladesh shown relatively same findings. Most of the research approved the positive impact on children for acceptance parenting style and negative impact due to rejected parenting style. Parental acceptance help to develop our positive aspect of personality and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation, increase self-esteem and life (Shahid et al. 2009; Karim, Sharafat, and Mahmud, 2013; Yasmin and Hossain, 2014; and Din and Huque, 2013). But in the case of academic achievement we get controversial finding from other research in different culture. In the study of tribal and non-tribal children parental acceptance does not facilitate child’s academic achievement (Aktar, Shahrier, and Rahaman, 2013). May be our educational system failed to evaluate our children in terms of academic achievement. Further studies are needed to establish a clear relationship between parenting style and academic achievement, and evaluating academic achievement.

All of the research on parenting style were conducted with few samples. Here highest sample size was only 206. Few sample is not reliable tool to predict the nature of parenting style especially in survey research. The research finding of above studies are failed to generalize the overall finding for large population of Bangladesh. Again participants of the research are presentable for different class of people in our society like age, race, socio-economic status, occupation, locality etc.

There are also no broad, reliable research on overall population of Bangladesh to establish norm of general parenting style in Bangladesh.

Again most of the research in parenting style are conducted on quantitative research method. Qualitative research on parenting style could facilitate to understand the cause of different impact of parenting style in the context of Bangladesh.

In conclusion further research is needed on this sector to establish a clear relationship between parenting style and positive impact on children. So parent’s awareness in raising child could be increase. We can also work with different types of variables related to parenting style.

References

Aktar, R., Shahrier, M. A., & Rahaman, M. M. (2013). Parental acceptance and academic

achievement of tribal and non-tribal children of Bangladesh. Journal of Life and Earth

Science, 8, 31-39.

Ansary, T. M., & Karim, A. K. M. R. (2011). Cognitive emotion regulation in children as

predicted by parent’s marital adjustment and their nature of affect. Bangladesh

Psychological Studies, 21, 1-16.

Din, F. A., & Huque, P. (2013). Maternal rejection in childhood: it’s effect on self-esteem in

early adulthood. Bangladesh Psychological Studies, 23, 15-28.

Karim, A. K, M. R., Sharafat, T., & Mahmud, A. Y. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation in

children as related to their parenting style, family type and gender. Journal of the Asiatic

Society of Bangladesh, Science, 39(2), 211-220.

Shahid, S. F. B., Mullick, M. S. I., Nahar, J. S., Naher, J., Khan, S., Morshed, N. M., Shah, M.

A., & Qusar, M. M. A. S. (2009). Relationship between Parental Rejection and

Personality. BSMMU Journal, 2(2), 61-65.

Yasmin, S., & Hossain, A. (2014). Relation of parental rejection with selfaˆ?esteem and life

satisfaction of young adults. Dhaka University Journal of Biological Science, 23(1),

69-76.