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Psychological explanations of
       schizophrenia
        Psychodynamic
          Behavioural
           Cognitive
Psychodynamic               A01
Recap:
                                   According to the
Psychodynamic approach is
concerned with unconscious          Psychodynamic
        processes                      approach
                                    abnormality is
                                       caused by
                                  unresolved conflict
    This causes „inner turmoil‟
   which leads to schizophrenic    between the ID,
            behaviour             Ego and Superego
                                     that has been
                                  repressed into the
                                      unconscious
Psychodynamic                                      A01
                                           e.g. If the child‟s parents are
Freud argued that if the world
                                                  cold and uncaring
   of the schizophrenic is
particularly harsh, a child may                 If a child becomes fixated at the oral
become fixated at a particular                 stage it could explain the sense of „loss
    stage of development                               of reality‟ experienced by
                                               schizophrenics (because the Ego has no
                                               control – auditory hallucinations could be
                                                     the Ego trying to regain control)

     Prior to the Ego developing the child is ruled by the ID (selfish desires) –
        Schizophrenia can therefore represent a regression to this time

                                                             Further links
                                                        Some symptoms represent
                                                         the ego‟s attempt to re-
                                                              establish itself
Psychodynamic                               A02
Speculative
It is impossible to empirically test concepts such as the ID, ego
and superego

Unfalsifiable
There is validity in the assumption that schizophrenics suffer
„inner turmoil‟ it cannot be proven.
Lack of evidence
Subsequent psychoanalysts have claimed, like Freud, that disordered
family patterns are the cause of schizophrenia – e.g. Family interactions
and patterns of communication were linked to the cause of
schizophrenia.
‘Schizophregenic families’ was used to describe these dysfunctional
families
IDEA‟s /
                       Psychodynamic                                A03
 Approaches:                                 Issues:

   Biological – objective and                          Unfalsifiable
         measureable



Debates:
  Determinism Vs. Free will                    Ethics:
 Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic
                                                Revisiting repressed memories

 A03
   •Low temporal validity (Victorian era)
   •Low population validity (case studies)
   •Unscientific (relies on memories etc)
Psychological explanations of
       schizophrenia
         Psychodynamic
          Behavioural
            Cognitive
Recap:
Behavioural approach
suggests all behaviour       Behavioural                               A01
      is learned
         • Punishment – causes the child to withdraw (through fear of further
  1        punishment)

         • Child becomes viewed and labelled as „odd‟
  2

         • Child is given attention (positive reinforcement) which encourages them
  3        to remain withdrawn

         • Child then conforms to the „odd‟ label
  4

         • Child shows more exaggerated behaviours (to gain attention)
  5

         • Schizophrenia develops
Behavioural                            A02
Comer (2003)
This theory of Schizophrenia is supported by Scheff ’s Labelling
Theory – that the symptoms of schizophrenia are viewed as deviant
and so the label of schizophrenia is applied.
Once the label is applied it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy which
promotes the development of other schizophrenic symptoms

Response to reinforcement
Paul and Lentz (1977) were successful in using token economy
(method based on operant conditioning) to reduce bizarre motor
behaviours in chronic psychiatric patients.
*longitudinal study – 6 years
*84 patients assessed using structured interviews & behavioural observation
IDEA‟s /
                             Behavioural                              A03
 Approaches:                                  Issues:

     Cognitive / Genetic                                - Ignores nature
  explanations could explain                             - Reductionist
    schizophrenia better



Debates:
  -Determinism Vs. Free will                   Debates:
    -- Nature Vs. Nurture                        -Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic


 A03
             - Easily observable
   -Paul & Lentz – attrition (longitudinal)
Psychological explanations of
       schizophrenia
          Psychodynamic
            Behavioural
            Cognitive
           Socio-cultural
Cognitive –
                            selective attention
                                                                    A01
Recap:
   Cognitive approach is                            Selective Attention
   concerned with faulty
 thinking/thought processes                         In „normal‟ brains it‟s
                                                   thought that there are
      Most people are able to focus                mechanisms that filter
     selectively (i.e. Ignore one stimulus         and process incoming
        and pay attention to another)
                                                            stimuli.
                                                      In „schizophrenic
                                                   brains‟ these filters are
    It is suggested that people
    with schizophrenia cannot                        somehow defective
 filer information in this way –             They are inundated by external
        they let in too much                  stimuli which they are unable to
       irrelevant information                    interpret – therefore they
                                             experience the world differently
Cognitive –                       A02
                     selective attention

Laboratory tasks

There is evidence to show that schizophrenia sufferers are poor
at laboratory tasks which require them to pay attention to some
stimuli but ignore others

            This suggests that schizophrenics do
           struggle to filter information like other
              people – supporting the cognitive
                           explanation
Cognitive –
                         “faulty” working memory
                                                            A01
Recap:
   Cognitive approach is
   concerned with faulty                       Faulty memory
 thinking/thought processes
                                                Schizophrenia may
          A common characteristic of         have a relatively unique
         schizophrenia is the inability to       set of cognitive
                  think clearly               impairments of which
                                             working memory may
                                                be the main deficit

  Prefrontal cortical regions in the brain
   are thought to play a crucial role in
             working memory
Cognitive –                             A02
                      “faulty” working memory

Cognitive theory has furthered our understanding
It has only been recognised that cognitive functioning is an
important factor in determining patient outcome – cognitive
impairment is now a strong predictor of outcome.
Research in this area has therefore been beneficial in furthering
our understanding of this complex disorder.

Cognitive theory alone doesn’t explain the disorder
It doesn‟t explain the cause, e.g. What leads to the cognitive dysfunction.
In order to explain the origins, the explanation needs to be paired with
the biological approach.
The cognitive theory may however help us explain the origins of some
symptoms e.g. Hallucinations and delusions
IDEA‟s /
                              Cognitive                      A03
 Approaches:                          Issues:

  Biological – might explain it                 Unfalsifiable
             better



Debates:                               A03
  Determinism Vs. Free will
 Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic

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Psychological explanations of schizophrenia

  • 1. Psychological explanations of schizophrenia Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive
  • 2. Psychodynamic A01 Recap: According to the Psychodynamic approach is concerned with unconscious Psychodynamic processes approach abnormality is caused by unresolved conflict This causes „inner turmoil‟ which leads to schizophrenic between the ID, behaviour Ego and Superego that has been repressed into the unconscious
  • 3. Psychodynamic A01 e.g. If the child‟s parents are Freud argued that if the world cold and uncaring of the schizophrenic is particularly harsh, a child may If a child becomes fixated at the oral become fixated at a particular stage it could explain the sense of „loss stage of development of reality‟ experienced by schizophrenics (because the Ego has no control – auditory hallucinations could be the Ego trying to regain control) Prior to the Ego developing the child is ruled by the ID (selfish desires) – Schizophrenia can therefore represent a regression to this time Further links Some symptoms represent the ego‟s attempt to re- establish itself
  • 4. Psychodynamic A02 Speculative It is impossible to empirically test concepts such as the ID, ego and superego Unfalsifiable There is validity in the assumption that schizophrenics suffer „inner turmoil‟ it cannot be proven. Lack of evidence Subsequent psychoanalysts have claimed, like Freud, that disordered family patterns are the cause of schizophrenia – e.g. Family interactions and patterns of communication were linked to the cause of schizophrenia. ‘Schizophregenic families’ was used to describe these dysfunctional families
  • 5. IDEA‟s / Psychodynamic A03 Approaches: Issues: Biological – objective and Unfalsifiable measureable Debates: Determinism Vs. Free will Ethics: Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic Revisiting repressed memories A03 •Low temporal validity (Victorian era) •Low population validity (case studies) •Unscientific (relies on memories etc)
  • 6. Psychological explanations of schizophrenia Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive
  • 7. Recap: Behavioural approach suggests all behaviour Behavioural A01 is learned • Punishment – causes the child to withdraw (through fear of further 1 punishment) • Child becomes viewed and labelled as „odd‟ 2 • Child is given attention (positive reinforcement) which encourages them 3 to remain withdrawn • Child then conforms to the „odd‟ label 4 • Child shows more exaggerated behaviours (to gain attention) 5 • Schizophrenia develops
  • 8. Behavioural A02 Comer (2003) This theory of Schizophrenia is supported by Scheff ’s Labelling Theory – that the symptoms of schizophrenia are viewed as deviant and so the label of schizophrenia is applied. Once the label is applied it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy which promotes the development of other schizophrenic symptoms Response to reinforcement Paul and Lentz (1977) were successful in using token economy (method based on operant conditioning) to reduce bizarre motor behaviours in chronic psychiatric patients. *longitudinal study – 6 years *84 patients assessed using structured interviews & behavioural observation
  • 9. IDEA‟s / Behavioural A03 Approaches: Issues: Cognitive / Genetic - Ignores nature explanations could explain - Reductionist schizophrenia better Debates: -Determinism Vs. Free will Debates: -- Nature Vs. Nurture -Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic A03 - Easily observable -Paul & Lentz – attrition (longitudinal)
  • 10. Psychological explanations of schizophrenia Psychodynamic Behavioural Cognitive Socio-cultural
  • 11. Cognitive – selective attention A01 Recap: Cognitive approach is Selective Attention concerned with faulty thinking/thought processes In „normal‟ brains it‟s thought that there are Most people are able to focus mechanisms that filter selectively (i.e. Ignore one stimulus and process incoming and pay attention to another) stimuli. In „schizophrenic brains‟ these filters are It is suggested that people with schizophrenia cannot somehow defective filer information in this way – They are inundated by external they let in too much stimuli which they are unable to irrelevant information interpret – therefore they experience the world differently
  • 12. Cognitive – A02 selective attention Laboratory tasks There is evidence to show that schizophrenia sufferers are poor at laboratory tasks which require them to pay attention to some stimuli but ignore others This suggests that schizophrenics do struggle to filter information like other people – supporting the cognitive explanation
  • 13. Cognitive – “faulty” working memory A01 Recap: Cognitive approach is concerned with faulty Faulty memory thinking/thought processes Schizophrenia may A common characteristic of have a relatively unique schizophrenia is the inability to set of cognitive think clearly impairments of which working memory may be the main deficit Prefrontal cortical regions in the brain are thought to play a crucial role in working memory
  • 14. Cognitive – A02 “faulty” working memory Cognitive theory has furthered our understanding It has only been recognised that cognitive functioning is an important factor in determining patient outcome – cognitive impairment is now a strong predictor of outcome. Research in this area has therefore been beneficial in furthering our understanding of this complex disorder. Cognitive theory alone doesn’t explain the disorder It doesn‟t explain the cause, e.g. What leads to the cognitive dysfunction. In order to explain the origins, the explanation needs to be paired with the biological approach. The cognitive theory may however help us explain the origins of some symptoms e.g. Hallucinations and delusions
  • 15. IDEA‟s / Cognitive A03 Approaches: Issues: Biological – might explain it Unfalsifiable better Debates: A03 Determinism Vs. Free will Nomothetic Vs. Idiographic