Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Hindering Learning and Brain Structure

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Hindering on Learning and Brain StructureIn this literary review, research from six peer reviewed journals will be analyzed and summarized to attain a wide-ranging look at fetal alcohol spectrum disorders effects. The majority of the journals have human subjects except for one whose testing was done on rats to indicate that the adverse effects of alcohol consumption during the gestational cycle is not limited to humans. Several areas of the brain are also studied across the journals to give a broader view. Several different kinds of brain scans were used to analyze the subjects, each with their own advantages and drawbacks. The aim of this review is to understand that an individual does not need to have all the features of fetal alcohol syndrome in order to have cognitive and neural deficiencies.Mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy result in children that have a deficiency with number processing. This was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging to study the brain of children with fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol spectrum disorder while number processing. There were 15 children in the FAS group, all of which were right handed and aged 8-12.The mothers of the FAS group all reported drinking at least 14 standard drinks a week during pregnancy with each drink containing at minimum 1.0 ounce of alcohol. The control group consisted of 18 children of mixed ancestry who were also right handed and aged 8-12. Both groups were tested using two different features of number processing. The first test was based on proximity judgement which consists of comparing numbers and determining which number was greater and a second part consisted of asking which two numbers was closest to…

…2010.04.011Meintjes, E. M., Jacobson, J. L., Molteno, C. D., Gatenby, J. C., Warton, C., Cannistraci, & … Jacobson, S. W. (2010). An fMRI study of number processing in childeren with fetal alcohol syndrome. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 34(8), 1450-1464. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01230.xSpadoni, A. D., Bazinet, A. D., Fryer, S. L., & Tapert, S., Mattson, S. N., & Riley, E. P. (2009). BOLD response during spatial working memory in youth with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(12), 2067-2076. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01046.xWozniak, J. R., Mueller, B. A., Chang, P.-N., Muetzel, R. L., Caros, L., & Lin, K. O. (2006). Diffusion tensor imaging in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 30(10), 1799-1806. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00213.x

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