The development of attachment, is strong in special people with affectionate tie in our life would leading to us to experience pleasure when between the interaction and comforted when near to the time of stress. The people which close to the infants, they will become more familiar and respond to the infants need in the second half of the first year. For example, if the child is left behind an empty room he/she will feel uncomfortable. Meanwhile, the child will react happily when as soon as he saw his mother enter in the same room.
Bowlby’s ethological theory
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Till now, ethological theory of attachment is defines as the emotional tie of the infant to the caregivers that’s involved respond to promote survival in wide accepted view.
John Bowlby (1969) is a psychoanalyst has an idea of the quality attachment between the infant-caregivers security and trusting relationship in the child. The interesting explanation is proposed by the ethologists of the emotional attachment have a strong evolutionary overtones. According to Bowlby, this attachment is between the infants and the caregivers to give the adaptive which serving to protect the infants and other natural needs to meet their needs. (David R. Shaffer:141)
Konrad Lorenz (1937) has inspired Bowlby’s to studies imprinting to believe in human infant, animal species with the built-in behavior to protect infants when in danger and give support to master the environment. From the observation of the young fowl, Lorenz had concluded the adaptive respond from the young bird which will automatically follow their mothers which led them to food and protection. For those who didn’t follow will be ended up eaten by the predators and in future will fail to pass the generation. From this imprinting respond is have become the inborn of the young fowl preadapted characteristic that increasing of the chances of survival from the attachment.
The best understand in attachment by Bowlby utmost importance such as survival, ensuring safety and competence of the species. For example, the infant will have a fear and anxiety when they are at the event or object that is unfamiliar to them.
According to Bowlby, the infant-parent relationship is the set of innate signal such as adult to baby’s side which develop of new emotional and cognitive capacities by the warm, sensitive care of history. It is also known as ‘secure base’. There are four phases of develop attachment,
Preattachment phase (birth to 6 week), the signal from the infant is built-in such as smiling, grasping, crying and gazing of the behavior to the adult’s eyes which gives the newborn babies to have a close contact with the mother or caregiver. The infants will have the encouragement from the adult when the adult respond to them nearby which comfort them. The infants can recognize the smells, face, and voice of their own mother’s. At this phase the infant don’t mind to be left to the unfamiliar adult. For instance, when the infant is send over to sleep with the nanny (caregiver) the infant won’t be reject or crying if the mother is not around.
“Attachment-in-the-making” phase ( 6weeks to 6-8 months), the infants will respond differently to the stranger other than the familiar caregivers. The infants will show respond such as signaling to the familiar caregiver when close to them and they start to development the sense of trust. For example, the infants will smile to when they are being hug by the mother or caregiver and they will become more comfortable too. The infants will develop sense of trust by learning through own action which affect their behavior around them such as when the caregiver is expected being signaled and they will not protest when separate from caregiver.
‘Clear-cut’ attachment phase (6-8 month to 18 month), at this phrase the infant attachment is an evident to them. The infants will display separation anxiety which become rely to the adult and upset when the left them. According to Bowlby’s is clear that the infant will reason of continuous of the out of sight of the adults. For instance, the infants will start to feels the anxiety when the parent is not around which separated from them. Sometimes will show their feeling like crying when the parents is away in longer period.
The separation anxiety is not always appear in by the infant and it’s depends on the current situation and temperament of the infants. By the month of 6 and 15 months the infant will increase the separation anxiety is shown in many cultures. It’s suggested the clear understanding from the infant still exist when the caregiver is not around. The infant have a fear feeling to the stranger anxiety and is same of separation anxiety. In this consistence idea the babies that did not master the Piagetian object permanence will not become anxious when separated by the parents. For example, when the parents is not nearby the infant will show an expression such as cry, making noise or fear to the other adult that is nearby or near to them.
A part from this the infant will protest in the parent departure for the older infants or babies they will presence to find her preference to the adult such as to approach, follow and climb. For the infants that able to crawl, they will try follow the mother along from behind and stay close to their mother and will greet their mother by warm smile. (David R. Shaffer, Katherine Kipp:448)
Formation of a reciprocal relationship (18 months-2years and on), the infants will rapid growth in language and representation that they will understand factors that causes of the go and return by their parents when the infant reach in second year. In this the result of separation protest is decline by the infants. Children will negotiate with the caregiver by using persuasion and request in order to achieve their goals.
For instance, for a 3 years old child, he will request from his mother to make him a lunch box before sending him to the pre-school. The parents will explain of where are they will be going such as ‘Mommy need to work’ and to help the child for better understanding during the absence the parent will clarify to the child like, ‘after you have finish this lunch box and nap, I’ll be pick you up and go home’.
Children will be less depend to the caregivers due to physical proximity and the sense of confidence to them that more accessible and responsive when times in needs. According to Bowlby, during the absence of the parents, children enduring construct so that they uses the secure base in these four phases. In this stage the caregivers and the children is may need prerequisite for the normal social and so as the emotional development. From the Bowlby conclusion observation of hospitalized in the infants have been reinforce by suggesting that they have formed the attachment that’s will played a crucial role in the child lives and the prolonged of the separation from the parents that trigger the set of the stage which lead to poor development outcomes. This is also as internal working model or the availability from the attachment figures as a set of expectation to provide and support to the child likelihood when their times is stress and self’s interaction with the other figures. The serving is as a guide to all the future relationship which has become the vital part of personality in the internal working models. The child will continuously to expand and revise their working model such as cognitive, social capacities and emotional when they interact with caregivers likes parents, siblings, adults and friends.
For instance, two sibling the age of Andy (3 years old) and Sarah (5 years old) they will play together. When Andy wants to play Sarah’s toy, he will show emotion such as shout or cry for the toys.
From the this attachment Bowlby claim infants secure attachment signal is develop by parents which become more proficient by reading and reacting through infant’s signals and the infants will learning from the parents how and like to regulate to their behavior. This process will eventually goes awry as the illustrated by observations that preprogrammed in the infant’s signal, if they fail to produce favorable reactions from the unresponsive caregivers. For example, when the infants is crying and the unresponsive caregivers such as unhappily married father or depressed mother, the infants will cry even more loud to have then attention from the parents. Bowlby had stresses that the secure emotional bonds from the human being which is biologically prepared for close attachments unless both participant learns to respond behavior from each other.
2) There are many factors that seem to influence factors of attachments to the infants which form a quality that receive from the caregivers such as the emotion or character climate from the homes and their own temperaments. For example, the important role of the caregiver is shown and the infants will adapt to it day by day. Is important to gives and provide a positive or quality attachment to the infants as they will feels the secure and positive behavior.
There are five factors that affect attachment security is as following,
‘Opportunity for Attachment’, in a studied by Rene Spitz (1946), observed institutionalized infants between 3 to 12 month that the mother give up the infants to place them to the nurse in a large ward. Each of seven infant sharing a nurse and the babies seem to lose weight, decline from the surrounding, showing wept and difficulty to sleep. From this view, the infants will having depression deeply if didn’t replace the mother instead of the caregiver. Is show that the infants having a feeling of insecurity to the caregivers instead of their own mother.
The infants having some emotional difficulties that prevent from forming bond of opportunity with one or few adults. There is also another studies from the research found out, at the age of 4 to 6 years old is not an issue for children to start to developing attachment. In these studies the children will develops attachment with the good caregivers by having a rich selection of books and toys. “Late adoptees” will shown when the child reaches 4 years old which placed in homes. It will deep ties with their adoptive parents that bond the first attachment will develop by the age of 4 to 6 years old. In this attachment the child will act ‘overfriendliness’ towards the unfamiliar adult and peers that will having attachment difficulties which cause failure back to their parents with few friendship and anxiety-arousing situation. For example, at the beach the children will play with other unknown people instead of their own parents. From the parent point of view, the children didn’t want or communicate with them. The parent might feel negatively towards their own children that have become more friendly to the outsider.
For the adopted children in the 6 to 8 months old with show lack of Romanian orphanages that’s often show same difficulty. Children will have mental childhood in the long term symptoms that persist in the wide range include peer injection, cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, inattention and disruptive behavior. The Romanian orphanages child ERP brain waves will respond to facial expressions emotion at the earlier of 7 months old. The children will have trouble discriminating of the expression have the outcome of the nueral structures that include reading emotion which gives caregivers fully emotional development on the establishing close ties in life. For instance, in the foreign adoption for the children will causing the child lack of attention and if they were rejecting from one family to another family. The acceptance is not showing by the parent. The caregiver should show more attentive to the children such as concern and to communicate more with the children.
Quality of Caregiving, throughout dozen of studies, has been reported sensitive caregiving is the consistently, responding promptly, care and holding infants tenderly and carefully. It is often related to attachment security in biology and the adoptive mother-infant in pairs and SES groups and diverse culture. When the infants behave in ‘routine’ manners such as negative, rejecting and resentful which causes the infants distress from the result of insecurely of the infants that’s less attach with the mother. For example, the baby will throw the toys, crying or temper when he did get what he wanted and the mother didn’t bother when he is acting negatively during he is crying or shouting.
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