Course Title: Fundamental of GEB Course Code: GEB302 Semester: Summer’18 Group Number: Section: 1 Topic Name: GMO: Journey into the Unknown Submitted to Shafia Tasnim Khan Lecturer, Dept. of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Submitted by Mansura Rahman 2015-3-77-012 Shabnoor Binte Dayem 2015-3-77-016 Jannatul Hossain Mou 2015-3-77-009 Submission Date 19th July 20182 GMO: Journey into the Unknown3 Content: Page No. 1. Abstract 4 2.
Introduction 5 3. Advantages of GMO 5-6 4. Limitations of GMO 6-8 5. Controversies around GMO 8 6. Current and future perspective of GMO 9-10 7.
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Conclusion 10 8. References 11-124 Abstract: Since the evolution of biotechnology scientists have always tried to develop alternative forms of living organism. With their continuous attempt they have successfully developed an advanced type of living organisms, termed ‘genetically modified organisms’ that has applications in every sector from medicine to agriculture, from pharmaceutical trade to food distribution. The introduction of transgenic product to the grocery store resulted in them turning into arguable topic, with their proponents and aspirants. Genetic modifications of plants and animals are even by the potential for improvement of the food and biological affairs on worldwide. Larger yield of crops, increment in the biological process of food, and therefore the development of pharmaceutical preparations of verified clinical significance.
Within the opinions of critics, however, transgenic food could not favorably have an effect on the health of consumers. Therefore, specific attention was dedicated to the short- and long term undesired effects, like food allergies, synthesis of cytotoxic agents or resistance to antibiotics. Examples defending the even character of genetic modifications and cases proving that their uses are often dangerous and unpredictable.
In this paper, we attempt to summarize up-to-date knowledge about the benefits and potential problems of GMO(Genetically Modified Organism).We also introduce some current perspectives of GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) and their impact in the field.5 Introduction: The introduction to Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) ought to be started by knowing what precisely genetically modified organisms are, or GMOs, and the way do they issue into the taste, health, and environmental impact of the food. As there are such a lot skepticism of GMO, this reputation most likely took place because of the ideas folks come with the phrase “genetically changed organism.” maybe folks consider Frankenstein, or two-headed cows, or this renowned image of a mouse growing a human ear on its back.
Basally people make negative association with living things that are exploited by humans, therefore departure an impact that “something is not right. GMOs are organisms that have had specific changes created to their DNA that don’t occur naturally, using gene-splicing. GMO crops are typically genetically changed to boost food quality (i.e. look or nutrition) and increase the plant’s resistance to pests, herbicides, or changes in weather.1 equally, modifications are created in animals to boost rate of growth, meat quality, and fruitful ability.
8Now by analyzing the scientific basis for assessing the advantages and risks of genetically modified food crops and animals, specifically in respect to their current and future impacts on human health and nutrition worldwide the transgenic modify of foods can be acclaimed to be a serious scientific accomplishment within the last one hundred years. 5 After all the double thoughts regarding GMO’S; at Laston November nineteen, 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) USA approved the first-ever genetically changed animal for human consumption. This approval not solely marked a replacement milestone for GM foods however additionally re-evoked the general public concern safety assessment and transparency of GM foods17 Advantages of GMO: Agricultural plants are one of the most often cited samples of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Some advantages of biotechnology in agriculture are larger crop yields, reduced prices for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, increased nutrient composition and food quality, resistance to pests and diseases, larger food security, and medical advantages to the world’s growing population. In addition to, advances have been created in developing crops that mature faster and tolerate different chemicals and metals and different environmental stressors, allowing plants to grow in conditions where they’ll not otherwise flourish.
16.6 Another applications are the assembly of nonprotein product such as bioplastic or developing ornamental plant.Variety of animals have further been genetically built to extend yield and reduce status to diseases. As an example, salmon are built to grow larger (Figure 1) and mature quicker and cows are increased to exhibit resistance to mad cow diseases. 1 Figure 1: Larger and quicker growth of Genetically Modified Salmon Pharmaceutical industry is another frontier for the utilization of GMOs. In 1986,2 human growth hormone was the first protein which was created in plants and in 1989, 4 the first protein was created. Production of antibodies in transgenic plants.
Each analysis teams used tobacco for these two experiments. Tobacco is the widely preferable plant species because of its precise studied information and expression of foreign genes.12As of 2003, many forms of antibodies created in plants had created it to clinical trials. The utilization of genetically changed animals has additionally been indispensable in medical analysis. Transgenic animals are basically bred to hold human genes or mutations in specific genes. So they are actually helping in the study of the development and genetic determinants of various diseases.
Limitations of GMO: As there are so many doubts, controversies, debates, false accusations, fear of uncertainty around GMO’S, many safety assessments of GMO have been done to remove the fear of consuming it. The assessments showed that despite of having many false doubts GMO’S do have some limitations which should be in the process to overcome ? Interbreeding: Introduction of GMOs may also interbreed with the wild-type or sexually well-suited relatives. The novel trait may additionally disappear in wild kinds until it confers a selective benefit to the recipient.157 ? Competition with Natural Species: Faster growth of GMOs can enable them to have a aggressive advantage over the native organisms. This may additionally enable them to emerge as invasive, to unfold into new habitats, and cause ecological and monetary damage. 15 ? Ecosystem Impacts: Effects of fixing into one species might extend well on the so much facet to the ecosystem connexon by the danger of system injury and destruction.15 ? Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant Genes to Other Microorganisms: Another explicit concern with GMO’S is that the risk of horizontal gene transfer (HGT).
HGT is the transfer of foreign gene by organisms in exceedingly quite environmental things. It happens notably in response to dynamical environments and provides organisms, particularly prokaryotes, with access to genes aside from people that are going to be transmissible. HGT of an introduced gene from a GMO might confer a unique attribute in another organism, that will be a offer of potential damage to the health of people or the atmosphere. as an example, the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to an infective agent has the potential to compromise human or animal medical aid.
15 ? Ethical Concerns: Numerous scientific proof that has emerged on GMOs during the last range of years shows that there are numerous clean dangers to human fitness and additionally the surroundings. Whilst genetic engineers produce GMO or transgenic plants, they need no method that of putting the gene throughout a specific function. The element ultimately ends up for the duration of a random region in the genetic material, and its role is not once in a while recognized. There are already many samples of such undesirable consequences being recognized in United States after approval (e.g.
, gm cotton with distorted cotton bolls; raised lignin in gm. soy, etc.). liberating genetically modified vegetation or crop into the surroundings should have direct effects, as well as aspect transfer to wild relatives or normal plants, weediness, attribute outcomes on nontarget species, and opportunity causeless effects.15 ? Health Risks: Three principal health dangers likely related to GMO are: toxicity, allergenicity and genetic hazards. Those arise from 3 potential sources, the inserted sequence and their expressed proteins as such, secondary or pleiotropic effects of the products of organic phenomenon, and consequently the potential disruption of natural genes within the manipulated organism. 18 ? Resistance to antibiotics: Inside the procedures of genetic modification, antibiotics are also regularly employed, generally as selection markers, to distinguish effectively transformed bacteria from the ones wherein the transfecting genes did not take hold.
thus, the machinations to genetically alter an organism carries the chance of shifting the genes of antibiotics resistance into the benign bacteria comprising the microflora of human and animal gastrointestinal tracts, or, worse but, to pathogenic bacteria harbored via the8 consumer of GM a food, due to the fact microorganism, good and terrible, are pretty capable of shuttling beneficial genes – like those that defend them from nasty antibiotics around with the aid of horizontal switch between species.18 Controversies around GMO: ? Unintended Economic Consequences: Some other concern associated with GMOs is that non-public corporations will claim ownership of the organisms they create and not proportion them at an affordable fee with the general public. If these claims are correct, it’s far argued that use of genetically changed vegetation will hurt the economic system and surroundings, due to the fact monoculture practices by means of big-scale farm production centers (who can have enough money the steeply-priced seeds) will dominate over the range contributed through small farmers who cannot afford the technology.14 ? Philosophical and Religious Concerns: In a 2007 survey of 1,000 American adults conducted with the aid of the international food information Council (IFIC), 33% of respondents believed that biotech food products would advantage them or their families, however 23% of respondents did not realize biotech foods had already reached the marketplace. Further, handiest 5% of these polled stated they could take movement by means of changing their buying behavior due to concerns related to the use of biotech products. Moreover, even supposing the technology are shared pretty, there are folks who might still withstand consumable GMOs, in spite of thorough checking out for protection, because of personal or spiritual ideals. Some folks contemplate that meddling with nature is intrinsically incorrect, and others preserve that putting plant genes in animals, or the other way around, is immoral.
On the topic of genetically modified ingredients, people who sense powerfully that the advance of GMOs is towards nature or religion have stated as for clear labeling policies with a purpose to create knowledgeable selections while choosing that things to shop for.149 Current and Future Perspective of GMO: With the development of GMO research; GMO is now not only a controversial word but also a hope for the sustainability of mankind. To meet up the needs of growing population; food industry, pharmaceutical industry even environmental agencies are also heading towards genetically modified organism.
A good news is recently commercially produced GM crop has successfully completed their two decades (1996-2016). It is a sign that genetic engineering technology has an increasing rate of adaptation by the farmers worldwide.9 The production of plants with improved quality traits like disease resistance, longer shelf-life, and drought resistance by standard breeding is extraordinarily time consuming 3.
However, increasing demand for food because of always increasing world population and changes in food consumption habits has regularly accumulated the demand for a lot of productive food and feed crops. In fact, the availability of sufficient food to feed associate degree estimated 9.7 billion individuals by 2050 and close to 11.0 billion by 2100 7 is one of the most important challenges of this century. According to a recent report of ISAAA briefs (James 2015), the world production standing of genetically changed crops inflated by 100-fold between 1996 and 2015 from 1.7 to 179.
7 million HA (1996–2015) 7(Fig. 2). Later, there was an amazing increase within the commercialization of GM crops (Fig.3) at a rate best throughout the history of recent agriculture 7.Currently, USA is the world’s largest producer of GM crops with 70.9 million ha (39%), 90% of which is accounted for by maize, soybean, and cotton.
Fig. 2 :The global areas of production of GM crops in 2015 (total. 181.5 million ha). Others include (Myanmar 0.
3, and Mexico 0.2; Spain 0.1; Colombia 0.1; Sudan 0.
1 and Honduras, Chile, Portugal, Cuba, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, Costa Rica, Bangladesh less than 0.1 million ha).710 Fig 3: Global production of major GM and other GM crops and their percent statistics 9 Apart from agricultural industry many other aspects are using GMO for their benefits.
For example, genetically modified Pseudomonas biosensing biodegrades to detect PCB and chlorobenzoate bioavailability and biodegradation in contaminated soils. Additionally, genetically modified plants are trying to use for recombinant vaccines. In fact, the conception of an oral vaccine expressed in plants (fruits and vegetables) for direct consumption by people is being examined as a potential answer to the unfold of disease in underdeveloped countries, one that might greatly cut back the prices related to conducting large-scale vaccination campaigns. Currently researches are conducting to develop plant-derived vaccine from potatoes and lettuce for hepatitis B virus (HBV), enterotoxigenicescherichia (ETEC), and Norwalk virus. Scientists are trying into to develop alternative commercially valuable proteins in plants, like spider silk super molecule and polymers that square measure employed in surgery or tissue replacement 12. Genetically changed animals have even been accustomed grow transplant tissues and human transplant organs, a thought referred to as transplantation. Conclusion: Genetically modified (or GM) organism have attracted a massive quantity of media interest in recent years and retain to do so.
Despite this, the majority remains largely ignorant of what a GMO truly is or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to provide, especially with reference to the variety of programs for which they may be used. Now lining the conclusion by acclaiming that this report has in brief tested how GMO may also impact on human health both immediately via applications focused at nutrition and enhancement of recombinant remedy production however also circuitously, via ability results on the environment. Sooner or later, it will look at the maximum critical competition currently facing the global adoption of this technology: public opinion.
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